Lawrence in Arabia: War, Deceit, Imperial Folly and the Making of the Modern Middle East

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Wilson, Jeremy (1989). Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence. London: William Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-87235-0. T. E. Lawrence (2000). Jeremy and Nicole Wilson (ed.). Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw, 1922–1926. Vol.1. Castle Hill Press. Foreword by Jeremy Wilson. Walter F. Oakeshott (1963). "The Finding of the Manuscript," Essays on Malory, J. A. W. Bennett, ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 93: 1—6). Brown (1988) letters to E. M. Forster, 21Dec 1927; Robert Graves, 6Nov 1928; F. L. Lucas, 26March 1929. The situation came to a crisis in October 1915, as Sharif Hussein demanded an immediate commitment from Britain, with the threat that he would otherwise throw his weight behind the Ottomans. [57] This would create a credible Pan-Islamic message that could have been dangerous for Britain, which was in severe difficulties in the Gallipoli Campaign. [58] The British replied with a letter from High Commissioner McMahon that was generally agreeable while reserving commitments concerning the Mediterranean coastline and Holy Land. [59]

Lawrence also created an English translation of The Odyssey and translated a French fiction work, The Forest Giant, into English. He also wrote The Mint, published in 1936. A collection of his letters was published in 1938. Anderson, Scott (2013). Lawrence in Arabia: War, deceit, imperial folly and the making of the modern Middle East. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53292-1– via Internet Archive (archive.org). Lawrence claimed that he ran away from home around 1905 and served for a few weeks as a boy soldier with the Royal Garrison Artillery at St Mawes Castle in Cornwall, from which he was bought out. [18] However, no evidence of this appears in army records. [19] [20] Travels, antiquities, and archaeology [ edit ] Leonard Woolley ( left) and Lawrence in their excavation house at Carchemish, c. 1912The Odyssey of Homer, Lawrence's translation from the Greek, first published in 1932. ( ISBN 0-19-506818-1) Lawrence was involved in the build-up to the capture of Damascus in the final weeks of the war, but he was not present at the city's formal surrender. He arrived several hours after the city had fallen, entering Damascus around 9am on 1 October 1918; the first to arrive was the 10th Light Horse Regiment led by Major A. C. N. "Harry" Olden, who accepted the formal surrender of the city from acting Governor Emir Said. [122] [123] Lawrence was instrumental in establishing a provisional Arab government under Faisal in newly liberated Damascus, which he had envisioned as the capital of an Arab state. [124] Faisal's rule as king, however, came to an abrupt end in 1920, after the battle of Maysaloun when the French Forces of General Henri Gouraud entered Damascus under the command of General Mariano Goybet, destroying Lawrence's dream of an independent Arabia. [125] Anderson structures Lawrence in Arabia in such a way that it is told through the experiences of four central characters. There is Curt Prüfer, a German academic who tried to incite an Islamic jihad against the British; Aaron Aaronsohn, a Zionist in the employ of the Ottoman Empire, who forged a spy ring in Palestine; and William Yale, a Standard Oil man sent to wring concessions from the Turks, who ended up drawn into the vortex of war. Orlans, Harold (2002). T. E. Lawrence: Biography of a broken hero. Jefferson, NC / London: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1307-2.

La Vanguardia (16 May 2016). "La maestra de Lawrence de Arabia". Barcelona . Retrieved 7 September 2023. Crucial to the Zionist effort was broadening its appeal to western policymakers, prominent among whom was a breed of well-heeled British romantics who floated around the Middle East offering solutions of breathtaking (and often contradictory) simplicity to problems that even now are considered intractable. The Yorkshire landowner Sir Mark Sykes was the nonpareil of these meddlesome amateurs; in 1916 he carved up the Middle East in a secret deal with France, only to propose an alliance of Jews, Arabs and Armenians that would freeze the French out. Sykes's Christian faith was cheered by the idea of a Jewish return to the Holy Land; he adopted Zionism and became an ally of Aaronsohn. It was Sykes who announced the British cabinet's decision to endorse a "Jewish national home" with the immortal words – to its future first president – "Dr Weizmann, it's a boy!" Lawrence of Arabia, Sir Hugh Cairns, and the Origin of Motor...: Neurosurgery". LWW. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. However, Lawrence was forced out of the RAF in February 1923 after his identity was exposed. He changed his name to T. E. Shaw (apparently as a consequence of his friendship with G. B. and Charlotte Shaw [149]) and joined the Royal Tank Corps later that year. [150] He was unhappy there and repeatedly petitioned to rejoin the RAF, which finally readmitted him in August 1925. [151] A fresh burst of publicity after the publication of Revolt in the Desert resulted in his assignment to bases at Karachi and Miramshah in British India (now Pakistan) in late 1926, [152] [153] where he remained until the end of 1928. At that time, he was forced to return to Britain after rumours began to circulate that he was involved in espionage activities. [154]

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Thomas Edward Lawrence CB DSO (16 August 1888– 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer who became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918) against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and his ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as Lawrence of Arabia, a title used for the 1962 film based on his wartime activities. In January 1914, the British army used Lawrence's archeological dig in the Negev as cover for a military intelligence mission to update British maps and water sources in the area. In August 1914, World War I broke out. Lawrence delayed enlisting in the military until October when he enlisted and was appointed a second lieutenant. He was assigned to the map section in Cairo where he remained until the spring of 1916. In 1915, two of Lawrence's brothers were killed fighting in France, and Lawrence always felt guilty that he was spending time at a desk job while others were actually fighting. He professed happiness, and he left the service with considerable regret at the end of his enlistment in March 1935. [160] There is some evidence that at that time the British government was interested in bringing him into some role in the national defense organization, in the context of the rising threat of Nazi Germany. [161] Armitage, F.A. (1955). The Desert and the Stars: A biography of Lawrence of Arabia (illustrated with photographsed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-00-000577-9.

Found: Lawrence of Arabia's lost text". The Independent. 13 April 1997. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022 . Retrieved 18 January 2020. The show premiered in New York in March 1919. [134] He was invited to take his show to England, and he agreed to do so provided that he was personally invited by the King and provided the use of either Drury Lane or Covent Garden. [135] He opened at Covent Garden on 14 August 1919 and continued for hundreds of lectures, "attended by the highest in the land". [132] [136] T. E. Lawrence issue rallies his friends". The New York Times. 15 February 1954 . Retrieved 21 July 2020. He was also portrayed in a Syrian series, directed by Thaer Mousa, called Lawrence Al Arab. The series consisted of 37 episodes, each between 45 minutes and one hour in length. [271] Lawrence wrote a great deal during his lifetime, saying ''The printing press is the greatest weapon in the army of a modern commander.'' He placed great value in the written word.

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Aldington, Richard (1955). Lawrence of Arabia: A biographical enquiry. London: Collins. ISBN 978-1-122-22259-4. In early 1920, Lawrence set about the daunting task of rewriting as much as he could remember of the first version. Working from memory alone (he had destroyed many of his wartime notes upon completion of the corresponding parts of TextI), he was able to complete this "TextII", 400,000words long, in three months. Lawrence described this version as "hopelessly bad" in literary terms, but historically it was "substantially complete and accurate". This manuscript, titled by Lawrence The Arab Revolt, is held by the Harry Ransom Center of the University of Texas with a letter from Lawrence's brother authenticating it as the earliest surviving manuscript of what would become Seven Pillars of Wisdom. [7]